All the metabolic pathways, on a single map
Use Shift to select several
The data sheet includes the map. The logo goes at the bottom.
Glycolysis
Splits a hexose into two three-carbon molecules and keeps part of the energy released as ATP and NADH. It works with and without oxygen.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 10
- In
- Glucose, 2 NAD⁺, 2 ADP, 2 Inorganic phosphate
- Out
- 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 Proton, 2 ATP, 2 Water
- Regulated at
- Hexokinase I, Phosphofructokinase-1, Pyruvate kinase
Gluconeogenesis
Rebuilds glucose from pyruvate, lactate or amino acids when there is no glycogen left to spend. It runs glycolysis backwards except at three steps, which do not reverse and are bypassed with enzymes of their own.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 11
- In
- 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 GTP, 2 NADH, 2 Proton, 6 Water
- Out
- Glucose, 4 ADP, 2 GDP, 6 Inorganic phosphate, 2 NAD⁺
- Regulated at
- Pyruvate carboxylase, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Pentose phosphate pathway
It is not for getting energy, but for two things glycolysis does not give: NADPH, which pays for building fats and for the defence against oxidation, and ribose-5-phosphate, the backbone of every nucleotide. What is left over goes back to glycolysis as fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 8
- In
- 3 Glucose 6-phosphate, 6 NADP+, 3 Water
- Out
- 6 NADPH, 6 Proton, 3 Carbon dioxide, 2 Fructose 6-phosphate, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
- Regulated at
- Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycogenesis
Stores glucose as glycogen when there is a surplus. Activating each sugar with a nucleotide costs the equivalent of two high-energy bonds, and that price is what makes storing and releasing not the same road travelled in two directions.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 4
- In
- Glucose 6-phosphate, UTP, Water
- Out
- Glycogen (glucose residue), UDP, 2 Inorganic phosphate
- Regulated at
- Glycogen synthase
Glycogenolysis
Takes glycogen apart sugar by sugar to keep blood glucose up between meals. In the liver the glucose goes out into the circulation; in muscle it stays inside and is burned.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 3
- In
- Glycogen (glucose residue), Water
- Out
- Glucose
- Regulated at
- Glycogen phosphorylase
β-oxidation
Takes a fatty acid apart two carbons at a time. Each turn yields one acetyl-CoA, one FADH2 and one NADH, and leaves a shorter chain that goes back in. With palmitate the spiral turns seven times and produces eight acetyl-CoA.
- Where
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Reactions
- 7
- In
- Palmitate, 8 Coenzyme A, ATP, 7 FAD, 7 NAD⁺, 7 Water
- Out
- 8 Acetyl-CoA, AMP, Pyrophosphate, 7 FADH₂, 7 NADH, 7 Proton
- Regulated at
- Carnitine palmitoyltransferase · carnitine shuttle
Ketogenesis
Turns the liver's excess acetyl-CoA into ketone bodies, small soluble molecules that travel through the blood. It is how fat reaches the brain, which cannot burn fatty acids.
- Where
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Reactions
- 4
- In
- 2 Acetyl-CoA, Water, NADH, Proton
- Out
- 2 Coenzyme A, D-3-Hydroxybutyrate, NAD⁺
Lipogenesis
Assembles sixteen-carbon fatty acids from acetyl-CoA when there is fuel to spare. It is not β-oxidation in reverse: it happens in another compartment, with other enzymes and with NADPH instead of NADH.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 3
- In
- 8 Citrate, 15 ATP, Water, 14 NADPH, 14 Proton
- Out
- Palmitate, 8 Oxaloacetate, 15 ADP, 15 Inorganic phosphate, 14 NADP+
- Regulated at
- Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
Cholesterol synthesis
Builds a thirty-carbon skeleton from acetyl-CoA, five carbons at a time. The atlas covers the mevalonate pathway up to lanosterol, the first sterol with rings; from there to cholesterol about twenty steps remain to be written.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 12
- In
- 18 Acetyl-CoA, 5 Water, 14 NADPH, 14 Proton, 18 ATP, Oxygen
- Out
- Lanosterol, 18 Coenzyme A, 14 NADP+, 18 ADP, 6 Inorganic phosphate, 6 Carbon dioxide, 6 Pyrophosphate
- Regulated at
- HMG-CoA reductase
Transamination
Gathers on glutamate the nitrogen that arrives from every amino acid and then releases it as ammonia inside the mitochondrion. It is the funnel the nitrogen passes through before it becomes urea.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 3
- In
- Aspartate, Alanine, 2 Water, 2 NAD⁺
- Out
- Oxaloacetate, Pyruvate, 2 Ammonia, 2 NADH, 2 Proton
- Regulated at
- Glutamate dehydrogenase
Urea cycle
Turns surplus ammonia into urea, because free ammonia is toxic. The two nitrogens come from different places: one from ammonia and the other from aspartate. Ornithine goes around and returns to the start; the map draws the cycle stretched out, from ammonia to urea.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 5
- In
- Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, Aspartate, 3 ATP, 2 Water
- Out
- Urea, Fumarate, 2 ADP, AMP, Pyrophosphate, 2 Inorganic phosphate
- Regulated at
- Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
Branched-chain amino acids
Breaks down leucine, which because of its branching does not fit the usual pathways. It ends in HMG-CoA, so its carbon ends up in ketone bodies and in acetyl-CoA, never in glucose.
- Where
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Reactions
- 6
- In
- Leucine, α-Ketoglutarate, Coenzyme A, NAD⁺, FAD, ATP, 2 Water
- Out
- Glutamate, NADH, Proton, FADH₂, ADP, Inorganic phosphate, Acetoacetate, Acetyl-CoA
- Regulated at
- Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase
Purines
The purine ring is built piece by piece on top of ribose, not separately. For now the atlas covers the entry of the pathway —the activation of ribose and the step that sets the pace—; the eight steps that close the ring up to IMP are still to be written.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 2
- In
- Ribose 5-phosphate, ATP, Glutamine, Water
- Out
- 5-Phosphoribosylamine, AMP, Glutamate, Pyrophosphate
- Regulated at
- Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
Pyrimidines
Builds the ring first and attaches it to ribose afterwards, the other way round from purines. It ends in UMP, from which the other pyrimidine nucleotides come. One of its steps happens in the mitochondrial membrane and hands electrons to the respiratory chain.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 6
- In
- Glutamine, 2 ATP, Aspartate, Ubiquinone, PRPP
- Out
- UMP, Glutamate, 2 ADP, 2 Inorganic phosphate, Ubiquinol, Pyrophosphate
- Regulated at
- Aspartate transcarbamylase
Salvage pathway
Rescues the bases that are freed when nucleotides break down and puts them back to use in a single step. It is much cheaper than making them anew, and nervous tissue depends on it almost entirely.
- Where
- Cytosol
- Reactions
- 3
- In
- Hypoxanthine, PRPP, NAD⁺, 2 Water, Glutamine, ATP
- Out
- GMP, 2 Pyrophosphate, NADH, Proton, Glutamate, AMP
Oxidative decarboxylation
The bridge between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. It turns pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, losing one carbon as CO₂. It is irreversible, and that irreversibility explains why fatty acids cannot yield glucose.
- Where
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Reactions
- 1
- In
- Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, NAD⁺
- Out
- Acetyl-CoA, Carbon dioxide, NADH, Proton
- Regulated at
- Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Krebs cycle
Eight reactions in a circle that fully oxidize the two carbons of acetyl-CoA to CO₂. It makes almost no ATP directly: its job is to load electron carriers, three NADH and one FADH₂ per turn, which the respiratory chain will turn into energy.
- Where
- Mitochondrial matrix
- Reactions
- 8
- In
- Acetyl-CoA, 2 Water, 3 NAD⁺, FAD, GDP, Inorganic phosphate
- Out
- Coenzyme A, 2 Carbon dioxide, 3 NADH, Proton, FADH₂, GTP
- Regulated at
- Citrate synthase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Respiratory chain
Carries the electrons from NADH down to oxygen along a staircase of carriers and uses each step to pump protons out of the matrix. The gradient that builds up is what drives ATP synthase.
- Where
- Inner mitochondrial membrane
- Reactions
- 4
- In
- 2 NADH, 2 Proton, Oxygen, 5 ADP, 5 Inorganic phosphate
- Out
- 2 NAD⁺, 7 Water, 5 ATP
- Regulated at
- ATP synthase
Light reactions
Uses light to strip electrons from water and carry them, through two photosystems in series, to NADP+. Along the way it piles up protons in the thylakoid lumen, and with that gradient it makes ATP. The map follows the path of the electron: the Z-scheme.
- Where
- Thylakoid membrane
- Reactions
- 5
- In
- 2 NADP+, 3 ADP, 3 Inorganic phosphate
- Out
- Oxygen, 2 NADPH, 3 ATP, Water, 2 Proton
Calvin-Benson cycle
Fixes three molecules of carbon dioxide and turns them into one three-carbon sugar, spending the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Most of the cycle is not about fixing carbon, but about rebuilding the molecule that captures it.
- Where
- Chloroplast stroma
- Reactions
- 13
- In
- 3 Carbon dioxide, 9 ATP, 6 NADPH, 6 Proton, 5 Water
- Out
- Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, 9 ADP, 6 NADP+, 8 Inorganic phosphate
- Regulated at
- RuBisCO, Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
Photorespiration
Undoes the mistake RuBisCO makes when it takes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. It produces nothing useful: it recovers three of every four carbons and loses the other, splitting the work between chloroplast, peroxisome and mitochondrion.
- Where
- Chloroplast stroma
- Reactions
- 6
- In
- 2 Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, 3 Oxygen, Water, 2 Glutamate, NAD⁺
- Out
- 2 3-Phosphoglycerate, 2 Inorganic phosphate, 2 α-Ketoglutarate, Serine, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, NADH, Proton
Fiber fermentation
Colon bacteria ferment the fiber we cannot digest and give back short-chain fatty acids: acetate, propionate and butyrate. The map follows the butyrate branch, the one that directly feeds the cells of the gut.
- Where
- Extracellular
- Reactions
- 5
- In
- Acetyl-CoA, Acetate, 2 NADH, 2 Proton
- Out
- Butyrate, Coenzyme A, 2 NAD⁺, Water
Glucose
C6H12O6
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Glucose 6-phosphate
C6H13O9P
Crossroads of 5 pathways
Fructose 6-phosphate
C6H13O9P
Crossroads of 4 pathways
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
C6H14O12P2
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
C3H7O6P
Crossroads of 3 pathways
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
C3H8O10P2
Crossroads of 3 pathways
3-Phosphoglycerate
C3H7O7P
Crossroads of 3 pathways
2-Phosphoglycerate
C3H7O7P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Phosphoenolpyruvate
C3H5O6P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Pyruvate
C3H4O3
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
C3H7O6P
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Oxaloacetate
C4H2O5
Crossroads of 2 pathways
6-Phosphoglucono-δ-lactone
C6H11O9P
Appears in
6-Phosphogluconate
C6H13O10P
Appears in
Ribulose 5-phosphate
C5H11O8P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Xylulose 5-phosphate
C5H11O8P
Appears in
Ribose 5-phosphate
C5H11O8P
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
C7H15O10P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Erythrose 4-phosphate
C4H9O7P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Glucose 1-phosphate
C6H13O9P
Crossroads of 2 pathways
UDP-glucose
C15H24N2O17P2
Appears in
Glycogen (glucose residue)
C6H10O5
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Palmitate
C16H32O2
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Palmitoyl-CoA
C37H66N7O17P3S
Appears in
Fatty acyl-CoA
R-CO-S-CoA
Appears in
trans-Δ2-Enoyl-CoA
R-CH=CH-CO-S-CoA
Appears in
L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
R-CHOH-CH2-CO-S-CoA
Appears in
3-Ketoacyl-CoA
R-CO-CH2-CO-S-CoA
Appears in
Acetyl-CoA
C23H38N7O17P3S
Crossroads of 6 pathways
Acetoacetyl-CoA
C25H40N7O18P3S
Crossroads of 3 pathways
HMG-CoA
C27H44N7O20P3S
Crossroads of 3 pathways
Acetoacetate
C4H6O3
Crossroads of 2 pathways
D-3-Hydroxybutyrate
C4H8O3
Appears in
Citrate
C6H5O7
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Malonyl-CoA
C24H38N7O19P3S
Appears in
Mevalonate
C6H12O4
Appears in
Mevalonate 5-phosphate
C6H13O7P
Appears in
Mevalonate 5-diphosphate
C6H14O10P2
Appears in
Isopentenyl diphosphate
C5H12O7P2
Appears in
Dimethylallyl diphosphate
C5H12O7P2
Appears in
Geranyl diphosphate
C10H20O7P2
Appears in
Farnesyl diphosphate
C15H28O7P2
Appears in
Squalene
C30H50
Appears in
2,3-Oxidosqualene
C30H50O
Appears in
Lanosterol
C30H50O
Appears in
Aspartate
C4H7NO4
Appears in
Glutamate
C5H9NO4
Appears in
Ammonia
NH3
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Citrulline
C6H13N3O3
Appears in
Argininosuccinate
C10H18N4O6
Appears in
Arginine
C6H14N4O2
Appears in
Urea
CH4N2O
Appears in
Leucine
C6H13NO2
Appears in
α-Ketoisocaproate
C6H10O3
Appears in
Isovaleryl-CoA
C26H44N7O17P3S
Appears in
3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
C26H42N7O17P3S
Appears in
3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
C27H42N7O19P3S
Appears in
PRPP
C5H13O14P3
Appears in
5-Phosphoribosylamine
C5H12NO7P
Appears in
Glutamine
C5H10N2O3
Appears in
Carbamoyl phosphate
CH4NO5P
Appears in
Carbamoyl aspartate
C5H8N2O5
Appears in
Dihydroorotate
C5H6N2O4
Appears in
Orotate
C5H4N2O4
Appears in
OMP
C10H13N2O11P
Appears in
UMP
C9H13N2O9P
Appears in
Hypoxanthine
C5H4N4O
Appears in
IMP
C10H13N4O8P
Appears in
XMP
C10H13N4O9P
Appears in
GMP
C10H14N5O8P
Appears in
Isocitrate
C6H5O7
Appears in
α-Ketoglutarate
C5H4O5
Appears in
Succinyl-CoA
C25H40N7O19P3S
Appears in
Succinate
C4H4O4
Appears in
Fumarate
C4H2O4
Appears in
Malate
C4H4O5
Appears in
NADH
C21H29N7O14P2
Appears in
Ubiquinol
C59H92O4
Appears in
Reduced cytochrome c
hemoproteína (grupo hemo c)
Appears in
Water
H2O
Appears in
Plastoquinone
C53H80O2
Appears in
Plastoquinol
C53H82O2
Appears in
Reduced plastocyanin
cuproproteína (átomo de cobre)
Appears in
Reduced ferredoxin
ferroproteína (agrupación 2Fe-2S)
Appears in
NADPH
C21H30N7O17P3
Appears in
Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
C5H12O11P2
Crossroads of 2 pathways
Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate
C7H16O13P2
Appears in
2-Phosphoglycolate
C2H5O6P
Appears in
Glycolate
C2H4O3
Appears in
Glyoxylate
C2H2O3
Appears in
Glycine
C2H5NO2
Appears in
Serine
C3H7NO3
Appears in
3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
C25H42N7O18P3S
Appears in
Crotonyl-CoA
C25H40N7O17P3S
Appears in
Butyryl-CoA
C25H42N7O17P3S
Appears in
Butyrate
C4H8O2
Appears in
Glucose Glucose 6-phosphate
Hexokinase I
EC 2.7.1.1 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose 6-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose isomerase
EC 5.3.1.9 · reversible
See the reaction →Fructose 6-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Phosphofructokinase-1
EC 2.7.1.11 · irreversible
- Activated by
- AMP, Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate
- Inhibited by
- ATP, Citrate
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Triose phosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
EC 1.2.1.12 · reversible
See the reaction →1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate kinase
EC 2.7.2.3 · reversible
See the reaction →3-Phosphoglycerate 2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate mutase
EC 5.4.2.11 · reversible
See the reaction →2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate
Enolase
EC 4.2.1.11 · reversible
See the reaction →Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate
Pyruvate kinase
EC 2.7.1.40 · irreversible
- Activated by
- Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- Inhibited by
- ATP, Alanine
Pyruvate Oxaloacetate
Pyruvate carboxylase
EC 6.4.1.1 · irreversible
- Activated by
- Acetyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate Phosphoenolpyruvate
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
EC 4.1.1.32 · irreversible
See the reaction →Phosphoenolpyruvate 2-Phosphoglycerate
Enolase
EC 4.2.1.11 · reversible
See the reaction →2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate mutase
EC 5.4.2.11 · reversible
See the reaction →3-Phosphoglycerate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate kinase
EC 2.7.2.3 · reversible
See the reaction →1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
EC 1.2.1.12 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Triose phosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
EC 3.1.3.11 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, AMP
Fructose 6-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucose isomerase
EC 5.3.1.9 · reversible
See the reaction →Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase
EC 3.1.3.9 · irreversible
See the reaction →Glucose 6-phosphate 6-Phosphoglucono-δ-lactone
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.49 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- NADPH
6-Phosphoglucono-δ-lactone 6-Phosphogluconate
Lactonase
EC 3.1.1.31 · irreversible
See the reaction →6-Phosphogluconate Ribulose 5-phosphate
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.44 · irreversible
See the reaction →Ribulose 5-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.1.6 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribulose 5-phosphate Xylulose 5-phosphate
Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase
EC 5.1.3.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Xylulose 5-phosphate Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribose 5-phosphate Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Erythrose 4-phosphate
Transaldolase
EC 2.2.1.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Transaldolase
EC 2.2.1.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Erythrose 4-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Xylulose 5-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose 1-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
EC 5.4.2.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Glucose 1-phosphate UDP-glucose
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
EC 2.7.7.9 · reversible
See the reaction →UDP-glucose Glycogen (glucose residue)
Inorganic pyrophosphatase
EC 3.6.1.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Glycogen synthase
EC 2.4.1.11 · irreversible
- Activated by
- Glucose 6-phosphate
Glycogen (glucose residue) Glucose 1-phosphate
Glycogen phosphorylase
EC 2.4.1.1 · reversible
- Activated by
- AMP
- Inhibited by
- ATP, Glucose 6-phosphate
Glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate
Phosphoglucomutase
EC 5.4.2.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Glucose 6-phosphate Glucose
Glucose-6-phosphatase
EC 3.1.3.9 · irreversible
See the reaction →Palmitate Palmitoyl-CoA
Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase
EC 6.2.1.3 · irreversible
See the reaction →Palmitoyl-CoA Fatty acyl-CoA
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase · carnitine shuttle
EC 2.3.1.21 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- Malonyl-CoA
Fatty acyl-CoA trans-Δ2-Enoyl-CoA
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
EC 1.3.8.8 · irreversible
See the reaction →trans-Δ2-Enoyl-CoA L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
EC 4.2.1.17 · reversible
See the reaction →L-3-Hydroxyacyl-CoA 3-Ketoacyl-CoA
3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.35 · reversible
See the reaction →3-Ketoacyl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
Thiolase
EC 2.3.1.16 · irreversible
See the reaction →Thiolase · last turn
EC 2.3.1.16 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
Thiolase
EC 2.3.1.9 · reversible
See the reaction →Acetoacetyl-CoA HMG-CoA
HMG-CoA synthase
EC 2.3.3.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA HMG-CoA
HMG-CoA synthase
EC 2.3.3.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →HMG-CoA Acetoacetate
HMG-CoA lyase
EC 4.1.3.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →HMG-CoA Acetyl-CoA
HMG-CoA lyase
EC 4.1.3.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetoacetate D-3-Hydroxybutyrate
β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.30 · reversible
See the reaction →Citrate Acetyl-CoA
ATP-citrate lyase
EC 2.3.3.8 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA Malonyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
EC 6.4.1.2 · irreversible
- Activated by
- Citrate
- Inhibited by
- Palmitoyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA Palmitate
Fatty acid synthase
EC 2.3.1.85 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA Palmitate
Fatty acid synthase
EC 2.3.1.85 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
Cytosolic thiolase
EC 2.3.1.9 · reversible
See the reaction →Acetoacetyl-CoA HMG-CoA
Cytosolic HMG-CoA synthase
EC 2.3.3.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA HMG-CoA
Cytosolic HMG-CoA synthase
EC 2.3.3.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →HMG-CoA Mevalonate
HMG-CoA reductase
EC 1.1.1.34 · irreversible
See the reaction →Mevalonate Mevalonate 5-phosphate
Mevalonate kinase
EC 2.7.1.36 · irreversible
See the reaction →Mevalonate 5-phosphate Mevalonate 5-diphosphate
Phosphomevalonate kinase
EC 2.7.4.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Mevalonate 5-diphosphate Isopentenyl diphosphate
Diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.33 · irreversible
See the reaction →Isopentenyl diphosphate Dimethylallyl diphosphate
Isopentenyl-diphosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.3.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Dimethylallyl diphosphate Geranyl diphosphate
Geranyl-diphosphate synthase
EC 2.5.1.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Isopentenyl diphosphate Geranyl diphosphate
Geranyl-diphosphate synthase
EC 2.5.1.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Geranyl diphosphate Farnesyl diphosphate
Farnesyl-diphosphate synthase
EC 2.5.1.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →Isopentenyl diphosphate Farnesyl diphosphate
Farnesyl-diphosphate synthase
EC 2.5.1.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →Farnesyl diphosphate Squalene
Squalene synthase
EC 2.5.1.21 · irreversible
See the reaction →Squalene 2,3-Oxidosqualene
Squalene monooxygenase
EC 1.14.14.17 · irreversible
See the reaction →2,3-Oxidosqualene Lanosterol
Lanosterol synthase
EC 5.4.99.7 · irreversible
See the reaction →Aspartate Glutamate
Aspartate aminotransferase
EC 2.6.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Alanine aminotransferase
EC 2.6.1.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Glutamate Ammonia
Glutamate dehydrogenase
EC 1.4.1.3 · reversible
- Activated by
- ADP
- Inhibited by
- GTP
Ammonia Citrulline
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
EC 6.3.4.16 · irreversible
See the reaction →Ornithine transcarbamylase
EC 2.1.3.3 · irreversible
See the reaction →Citrulline Argininosuccinate
Argininosuccinate synthetase
EC 6.3.4.5 · irreversible
See the reaction →Argininosuccinate Arginine
Argininosuccinate lyase
EC 4.3.2.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Arginine Urea
Arginase
EC 3.5.3.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Leucine α-Ketoisocaproate
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
EC 2.6.1.42 · reversible
See the reaction →α-Ketoisocaproate Isovaleryl-CoA
Branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase
EC 1.2.4.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →Isovaleryl-CoA 3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA
Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase
EC 1.3.8.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →3-Methylcrotonyl-CoA 3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA
3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
EC 6.4.1.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →3-Methylglutaconyl-CoA HMG-CoA
3-methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
EC 4.2.1.18 · reversible
See the reaction →HMG-CoA Acetoacetate
HMG-CoA lyase
EC 4.1.3.4 · irreversible
See the reaction →Ribose 5-phosphate PRPP
PRPP synthetase
EC 2.7.6.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →PRPP 5-Phosphoribosylamine
Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase
EC 2.4.2.14 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- AMP, GMP
Glutamine Carbamoyl phosphate
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
EC 6.3.5.5 · irreversible
See the reaction →Carbamoyl phosphate Carbamoyl aspartate
Aspartate transcarbamylase
EC 2.1.3.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Carbamoyl aspartate Dihydroorotate
Dihydroorotase
EC 3.5.2.3 · reversible
See the reaction →Dihydroorotate Orotate
Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase
EC 1.3.5.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Orotate OMP
Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase
EC 2.4.2.10 · irreversible
See the reaction →OMP UMP
OMP decarboxylase
EC 4.1.1.23 · irreversible
See the reaction →Hypoxanthine IMP
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
EC 2.4.2.8 · irreversible
See the reaction →IMP XMP
IMP dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.205 · irreversible
See the reaction →XMP GMP
GMP synthase
EC 6.3.5.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Pyruvate Acetyl-CoA
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
EC 1.2.4.1 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA
Oxaloacetate Citrate
Citrate synthase
EC 2.3.3.1 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- NADH, Succinyl-CoA
Citrate Isocitrate
Aconitase
EC 4.2.1.3 · reversible
See the reaction →Isocitrate α-Ketoglutarate
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.42 · irreversible
- Activated by
- ADP
- Inhibited by
- ATP, NADH
α-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA
α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
EC 1.2.4.2 · irreversible
- Inhibited by
- Succinyl-CoA, NADH
Succinyl-CoA Succinate
Succinyl-CoA synthetase
EC 6.2.1.4 · reversible
See the reaction →Succinate Fumarate
Succinate dehydrogenase
EC 1.3.5.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Fumarate Malate
Fumarase
EC 4.2.1.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Malate Oxaloacetate
Malate dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.37 · reversible
See the reaction →NADH Ubiquinol
Complex I · NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase
EC 7.1.1.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Ubiquinol Reduced cytochrome c
Complex III · cytochrome bc1
EC 7.1.1.8 · irreversible
See the reaction →Reduced cytochrome c Water
Complex IV · cytochrome c oxidase
EC 7.1.1.9 · irreversible
See the reaction →ATP synthase
EC 7.1.2.2 · reversible
- Activated by
- ADP
Plastoquinone Plastoquinol
Photosystem II
EC 1.10.3.9 · irreversible
See the reaction →Plastoquinol Reduced plastocyanin
Cytochrome b6f complex
EC 7.1.1.6 · irreversible
See the reaction →Plastoquinol Plastoquinone
Cytochrome b6f complex
EC 7.1.1.6 · irreversible
See the reaction →Reduced plastocyanin Reduced ferredoxin
Photosystem I
EC 1.97.1.12 · irreversible
See the reaction →Reduced ferredoxin NADPH
Ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
EC 1.18.1.2 · irreversible
See the reaction →Chloroplast ATP synthase
EC 7.1.2.2 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
RuBisCO
EC 4.1.1.39 · irreversible
See the reaction →3-Phosphoglycerate 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
Phosphoglycerate kinase
EC 2.7.2.3 · reversible
See the reaction →1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NADP+)
EC 1.2.1.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Triose phosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
EC 3.1.3.11 · irreversible
See the reaction →Fructose 6-phosphate Erythrose 4-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Erythrose 4-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Erythrose 4-phosphate Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate
Aldolase
EC 4.1.2.13 · reversible
See the reaction →Sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
Sedoheptulose-1,7-bisphosphatase
EC 3.1.3.37 · irreversible
See the reaction →Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Ribose 5-phosphate
Transketolase
EC 2.2.1.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribose 5-phosphate Ribulose 5-phosphate
Ribose-5-phosphate isomerase
EC 5.3.1.6 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribulose-5-phosphate 3-epimerase
EC 5.1.3.1 · reversible
See the reaction →Ribulose 5-phosphate Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate
Phosphoribulokinase
EC 2.7.1.19 · irreversible
See the reaction →Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate 2-Phosphoglycolate
RuBisCO · oxygenase activity
EC 4.1.1.39 · irreversible
See the reaction →2-Phosphoglycolate Glycolate
Phosphoglycolate phosphatase
EC 3.1.3.18 · irreversible
See the reaction →Glycolate Glyoxylate
Glycolate oxidase
EC 1.1.3.15 · irreversible
See the reaction →Glyoxylate Glycine
Catalase
EC 1.11.1.6 · irreversible
See the reaction →Glutamate-glyoxylate aminotransferase
EC 2.6.1.4 · reversible
See the reaction →Glycine Serine
Glycine cleavage and serine hydroxymethyltransferase
EC 2.1.2.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetyl-CoA
Bacterial thiolase
EC 2.3.1.9 · reversible
See the reaction →Acetoacetyl-CoA 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA
3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
EC 1.1.1.157 · reversible
See the reaction →3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA Crotonyl-CoA
Crotonase
EC 4.2.1.55 · reversible
See the reaction →Crotonyl-CoA Butyryl-CoA
Butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
EC 1.3.8.1 · irreversible
See the reaction →Butyryl-CoA Butyrate
Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase
EC 2.8.3.8 · reversible
See the reaction →Butyryl-CoA Acetyl-CoA
Butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase
EC 2.8.3.8 · reversible
See the reaction →